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Understanding
What is Rett Syndrome, and what does it look like in early childhood?
Rett Syndrome (ICD-11 LD90.0) is a rare neurodevelopmental condition affecting mostly girls, usually caused by a MECP2 gene change. After typically normal early development, skills slow and are lost — especially purposeful hand use and spoken language, with characteristic repetitive hand movements. Diagnosis is clinical and genetic, formed only at a Pinnacle centre.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Routine in child development?
A routine is the regular, predictable order of a toddler's daily events — waking, meals, play, naps and sleep. Between one and three years, this rhythm builds a sense of safety, helps a young child anticipate what comes next, and supports attention, language, social connection and emotional steadiness. It is not about rigid discipline but a comforting, flexible frame that lets a toddler feel secure enough to explore and learn.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Running in child development?
Running is the toddler motor milestone where a child moves faster than a walk, briefly lifting both feet off the ground. It typically emerges between 18 and 24 months and becomes smoother by 2 to 3 years, reflecting growing balance, leg strength, coordination and confidence. Early running is stiff and wobbly, which is normal, and a gentle developmental review is worth considering if a child is not attempting to run by around 2 years.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is School Readiness, and How is it Built?
School readiness is the set of everyday skills a child builds before formal schooling begins that help them settle, listen, make friends and learn — spanning language, attention, social-emotional confidence, fine-motor control and self-care. It is not about early reading; it grows gently through play, conversation and predictable routines over the years before school. A slower-developing thread is an invitation to add early support, not a verdict, and early review protects a child's confidence and love of learning.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is school readiness, and why does it matter for my child?
School readiness is a child's all-round preparedness to thrive when formal schooling begins — covering communication, social and emotional skills, attention, self-care independence, and early motor and thinking skills, rather than academics alone. It matters because children who begin school with these foundations settle more happily, learn more comfortably and grow in confidence. Noticing any gaps in the year or two before school gives families valuable time to provide gentle, early support.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is the School Readiness Gap?
The school readiness gap is the difference between the everyday skills a child has built as formal schooling begins and the skills that typically help a child settle, learn and thrive there. It is not a diagnosis but a way of noticing where extra support may help — spanning language, attention, social-emotional skills, fine-motor, self-care and early number and letter awareness. Many gaps close with playful, targeted help, and early review protects a child's confidence and love of learning.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is School Readiness Gap, and what are its ICD-11 features?
School Readiness Gap is the measurable distance between a child's current functional profile and the integrated capacities formal schooling demands. It has no dedicated ICD-11 code; contributors map to neurodevelopmental disorders (6A00–6A06) and ICF participation limitations. Treat it as a flag for structured assessment, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is the School Readiness Gap and what does it look like in early childhood?
The School Readiness Gap is the distance between a child's current skills and those that help them thrive when school begins — across language, attention, social play, emotional regulation, fine motor and self-care. It is not a label but a signal of where early support helps most. A clinical AbilityScore is formed only at a Pinnacle centre under clinician care.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Selective Mutism?
Selective Mutism (ICD-11 6B06) is an anxiety-based condition in which a child who speaks comfortably in some settings — usually home — consistently does not speak in specific situations such as school, despite intact language ability. It is not defiance or a speech disorder. Features include freezing or whispering with unfamiliar adults, situation-bound silence lasting beyond a month, and interference with learning or social life — warranting gentle, early support rather than pressure.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Selective Mutism, and what are its ICD-11 features in early childhood?
Selective Mutism (ICD-11 6B06) is an anxiety and fear-related disorder defined by consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite normal speech elsewhere, persisting beyond one month with functional impact, and not explained by language unfamiliarity or a communication disorder.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Selective Mutism in Early Childhood?
Selective Mutism (ICD-11 6B06) is an anxiety-based condition where a child speaks freely in safe settings like home but is consistently unable to speak in others, such as school. It is not defiance or a language disorder. Often noticed between ages 3 and 6, it is supported gently, never by forcing speech, with diagnosis formed only at a Pinnacle centre.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Awareness in child development?
Self-awareness is a toddler's growing sense of being a separate person — with their own body, name, feelings and choices. Between 12 and 36 months it appears as mirror recognition, using words like 'me' and 'mine', naming feelings and noticing others' reactions. It is a normal emotional milestone that unfolds gradually with warm everyday connection, not a skill a child simply has or lacks.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Care in child development?
Self-care in child development is a toddler's growing ability to manage their own everyday needs — feeding, drinking, washing, dressing, toileting and grooming. It is part of the adaptive domain (ICF d5 · Self-care) and one of the clearest signs of growing independence. These skills emerge gradually between about 12 and 36 months, each child at their own pace, through practice and gentle encouragement, and early review helps where a skill is slow to build.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Monitoring in child development?
Self-monitoring is a child's growing ability to keep an eye on their own thoughts, actions and feelings — noticing how a task is going, catching mistakes and adjusting. Classified under ICF b164 (self-awareness), it develops gradually between about 3 and 7 years, moving from adult prompts to an inner habit. It underpins attention, problem-solving and friendships, and responds well to playful practice; persistent difficulty past five may warrant a developmental review.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Regulation Difficulties?
Self-Regulation Difficulties describe a child's recurring struggle to manage emotions, attention, energy and behaviour to fit the moment — the developing 'inner thermostat'. Because these skills grow gradually and depend on adult co-regulation, much variation is age-appropriate; the signal is when difficulties are intense, frequent and limiting everyday life. A broad developmental review, not a single label, is the right starting point.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Regulation Difficulties, and what are its ICD-11 features in early childhood?
Self-regulation difficulties are a transdiagnostic pattern of impaired modulation of emotion, attention, arousal and behaviour. ICD-11 has no stand-alone code; features map onto ADHD, oppositional, anxiety/fear- and stress-related groupings. In children under ~3–4 years, characterise dimensionally — intensity, duration, pervasiveness and co-regulation needs — rather than labelling prematurely.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Are Self-Regulation Difficulties in Early Childhood?
Self-regulation is a child's developing ability to manage feelings, attention and impulses. Self-regulation difficulties mean these skills are emerging slowly or unevenly for the child's age — a description of how a child copes today, not a diagnosis. In early childhood it shows as intense or long meltdowns, difficulty waiting or with transitions, and strong reactions to everyday sensory input.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Regulation in child development?
Self-regulation is a child's growing ability to notice, manage and recover from big feelings, urges and attention — to calm, wait, shift focus and respond rather than react. In toddlers it is only just emerging and depends heavily on a calm adult to co-regulate. Tantrums and quick mood swings are normal at this age; the skill grows through warm, repeated practice, not expectation of mastery. Early review helps when distress is extreme, rarely soothable or affecting daily family life.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Self-Sufficiency readiness, and how is it built?
Self-Sufficiency readiness is how ready a child is to manage age-appropriate daily living and self-care — eating, dressing, toileting, washing and asking for help. It is not a diagnosis but a gentle way of noticing where independence is strong and where support may help. It is built step by step through everyday practice, encouragement and small responsibilities that grow with the child.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Is Self-Sufficiency Readiness, and Why Does It Matter?
Self-sufficiency readiness is your child's growing, age-appropriate ability to manage everyday tasks themselves — dressing, feeding, washing, toileting and following simple routines. It draws together fine and gross motor skills, sensory comfort, language and planning, which is why it is viewed as a readiness index rather than a single skill. It matters because these daily-living skills build confidence, ease transitions into school, support safety, and lay the foundation for lifelong independence.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity?
Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity is a pattern where a child eats only a narrow range of foods because of how foods feel, smell, look or taste — not simple fussiness. In ICD-11, severe, persistent restriction maps within avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (6B83). Most toddler picky eating is a normal phase; a closer look helps when the food range is very narrow, mealtimes are distressing, or growth is affected.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity and its ICD-11 features?
Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity is persistent food restriction driven by aversive sensory responses to texture, taste, smell or appearance. ICD-11 captures it within ARFID (6B83); early-childhood features include narrowed intake, sensory-based avoidance, and consequences such as faltering growth, nutritional deficiency or supplement dependence, not explained by illness or weight concerns.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity?
Sensory-Based Feeding Selectivity is a pattern where a young child limits what they eat because of how food feels, looks or smells — not ordinary fussiness. It shows as accepting only certain textures or colours, distress at lumpy or mixed foods, and mealtime tension. With clinician-guided sensory feeding support, variety can broaden over time.
Read the answer AnswerWhat is sensory development in children?
Sensory development is how a child's brain learns to receive, organise and respond to information from the senses — sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell, plus balance and body-position awareness. From birth, these systems mature and work together so a child can attend, move, play and feel comfortable in everyday settings. It is a gradual, individual journey, and a degree of sensory variation between children is completely normal.
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