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Communication
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Signs & concerns
Causes & influences
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Signs & concerns
Non-Verbal Signs at 9–12 Months
At 9 to 12 months it is too early to call a baby non-verbal — true words usually come after the first birthday. The real signs to watch are pre-verbal: babbling, gestures, eye contact, responding to their name and back-and-forth play. A general developmental check (and a hearing check) is worthwhile if these are clearly absent by around 12 months, or if any skill is lost.
Read the answer AnswerWhen should I worry about speech delay at 9–12 months?
At 9 to 12 months it is too early to diagnose Speech and Language Delay — communication now is babble, gestures and shared attention, not words. Watch for absent babble, no gestures by 12 months, no response to sound, or loss of a skill, and have hearing checked. Worry is a reason to screen, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhen should I worry that my newborn might have Childhood Apraxia of Speech?
Childhood Apraxia of Speech cannot be identified in a newborn, because a baby this young is not yet expected to talk. The question of CAS only becomes meaningful from around 18 months, when a toddler is attempting words. In the first three months, observe normal foundations — responding to sound, eye contact, cooing, comfortable feeding. Seek a prompt general check (not for apraxia) if there are concerns about hearing, feeding or alertness; only a Pinnacle clinician can assess, never an online form.
Read the answer AnswerWhen to Worry About DLD in a Newborn
A newborn cannot be assessed for Developmental Language Disorder — DLD (ICD-11 6A01.2) concerns spoken and understood language, which hasn't emerged this early, so there is nothing to worry about regarding DLD now. In the first months, focus on confirmed hearing screening, eye contact, social smiling and early cooing. DLD becomes meaningful to consider from around 2–3 years. Only a Pinnacle clinician can assess, never an online form.
Read the answer AnswerWhen Should I Worry My Newborn Might Be Non-Verbal?
A newborn cannot meaningfully be non-verbal or minimally verbal — words are not expected for many months, so this is not a worry now. In the first 0–3 months, watch the foundations of language: response to sound, eye contact, an emerging social smile and early cooing. The one early priority is confirming the newborn hearing screen. A speech-related presentation only becomes meaningful from around 18–24 months. This is not a diagnosis — only a routine developmental check is needed now.
Read the answer AnswerWhen should I worry that my newborn might have Speech and Language Delay?
A newborn cannot have a speech and language delay — words aren't expected for months. In the first three months, watch instead for reaction to sound, soothing to your voice and early cooing. The key priority at this age is hearing. Delay becomes meaningful much later, around ages 2–4, and only a clinician can assess it.
Read the answer AnswerWhy did my baby smile and babble late?
Late smiling or babbling is usually normal variation — prematurity, temperament, less talk-time or a temporary hearing blip. Babies smile socially by 6–8 weeks and babble by 4–7 months, but the range is wide. The key early step is to check hearing, since babbling depends on it. A clinician-administered check confirms all is well and shows you how to nurture communication.
Read the answer AnswerWhy Does My Child Repeat Words or Phrases (Echolalia)?
Repeating words or phrases is called echolalia and is usually a normal part of how young children learn to talk — copying helps them practise and hold onto language. It is worth a developmental check when it strongly persists past age 3, replaces flexible conversation, or appears with other communication differences.
Read the answerCauses & influences
Are Boys More Likely to Have Childhood Apraxia of Speech?
Boys are diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech roughly 2–3 times more often than girls, but sex is only one factor. CAS is a motor-planning difference, and girls can have it too — so early speech concerns deserve the same attentive response regardless of gender. Acting early matters far more than the male skew.
Read the answer AnswerAre Boys More Likely to Have Developmental Language Disorder?
Boys are diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder somewhat more often than girls (roughly 1.3–2:1), but DLD is common in both sexes and affects around 1 in 14 children. Sex is a small risk factor, never a diagnosis — and girls may be under-identified, so being a boy is no reason to wait on a developmental check.
Read the answer AnswerAre boys more likely to have a non-verbal / minimally verbal presentation?
Boys are statistically more likely to show a non-verbal or minimally verbal presentation, mainly because conditions it accompanies — such as autism — are diagnosed more often in boys, with girls frequently under-recognised. This is a population pattern, not a rule about any one child: a girl who isn't talking needs the same prompt attention. A clinical AbilityScore® is formed only at a Pinnacle centre.
Read the answer AnswerAre boys more likely to have speech and language delay?
Boys are somewhat more likely than girls to show early speech and language delay — roughly a 2:1 ratio in many studies — but the difference is modest. Being a boy never explains away a delay or justifies waiting past milestone windows; a persistent delay deserves a check regardless of sex.
Read the answer AnswerAre girls more likely to have Childhood Apraxia of Speech?
Childhood Apraxia of Speech is identified more often in boys than girls, with most studies suggesting roughly a 2-3:1 ratio. But this is a population trend, not a rule for any individual child — girls can certainly have CAS, and the signs, assessment and therapy are identical. The deciding factor is the speech pattern, not the child's sex.
Read the answer AnswerAre girls more likely to have Developmental Language Disorder?
Girls are not more likely to have Developmental Language Disorder — slightly more boys are identified, with a modest ratio of around 1.3–2 to 1. But girls are often under-identified because their difficulties can be quieter, so a girl's language concern deserves the same attention as a boy's. DLD affects around 1 in 14 children of either sex.
Read the answer AnswerAre girls more likely to have a non-verbal or minimally verbal presentation?
Girls are not more likely to have a non-verbal or minimally verbal presentation — this profile is actually identified more often in boys. The real risk for girls is later recognition, because their differences can be subtler. A girl with limited speech deserves the same prompt developmental check, established only at a Pinnacle centre under clinician care.
Read the answer AnswerAre girls more likely to have a speech and language delay?
Girls are not more likely to have a speech and language delay — if anything, boys are identified somewhat more often, though the difference is modest. What matters more than gender is whether your child is meeting communication milestones; any child who is behind deserves a timely developmental check.
Read the answer AnswerHow Does ADHD Affect a Child's Communication Development?
ADHD rarely delays the building blocks of language, but it affects how a child uses communication — interrupting, missing instructions, drifting mid-conversation and missing social cues. These are differences in attention and self-regulation, not intelligence, and they respond well to structured support and behaviour therapy.
Read the answer AnswerHow Attachment Difficulties Affect a Child's Communication Development
Attachment is the foundation early communication grows from — secure, responsive bonds fuel the back-and-forth of looks, sounds and gestures that teach a child language works. When attachment is difficult, children may show less shared attention, quieter signalling and slower first words. These delays often respond well once warm, consistent interaction increases, so an early developmental check is worthwhile.
Read the answer AnswerHow Auditory Processing Difficulties Affect Communication
Auditory Processing Difficulties mean a child hears normally but the brain struggles to interpret speech — especially in noise. This affects following instructions, telling similar sounds apart, responding quickly, and building the sound-to-word skills behind talking and early reading. A hearing test comes first, with listening-and-language assessment usually from around age 7.
Read the answer AnswerHow does Autism Spectrum affect a child's Communication development?
Autism Spectrum (ICD-11 6A02) shapes both spoken language and the connection that carries it — eye contact, pointing, gestures and turn-taking. Many children understand and express differently rather than less. With early speech therapy, gesture, pictures and AAC, communication grows. A clinical AbilityScore and diagnosis are formed only at a Pinnacle centre under clinician care.
Read the answer AnswerHow Cerebral Palsy Affects Communication Development
Cerebral palsy affects the muscles that power speech, breath and expression, so a child may understand far more than they can say. Difficulty ranges from unclear speech to needing AAC. A speech difficulty is not a thinking difficulty, and the right support opens every channel to be heard.
Read the answer AnswerHow Childhood Anxiety Affects Communication Development
Childhood anxiety can hold back communication by making a child reluctant or unable to speak in stressful settings — short answers, whispering, avoiding eye contact, or full silence in some places (selective mutism) while talking freely at home. This is usually about confidence, not a language delay, and the two can overlap. Persistent silence in certain settings, shrinking activities or going backwards is worth a developmental check.
Read the answer AnswerHow Childhood Apraxia of Speech Affects Communication Development
Childhood Apraxia of Speech is a motor-speech difference — the child understands language and knows what to say, but struggles to plan the precise mouth movements to say it clearly and consistently. This can affect speech clarity, vocabulary, conversation, social confidence and early literacy. With frequent, targeted speech therapy, many children make strong progress.
Read the answer AnswerHow Childhood Epilepsy Affects Communication Development
Childhood epilepsy can affect communication when seizures, the underlying brain condition, or medicines touch attention, language, memory or processing — but many children with well-controlled seizures develop typically. Epilepsy is first a medical matter needing a paediatrician or neurologist; communication therapy works best alongside good seizure control. Watch especially for any loss of words or skills a child once had.
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