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Signs & concerns
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Signs & concerns
Cognitive milestones for your 9-to-12-month-old
By 9–12 months most babies show object permanence (looking for hidden toys), cause-and-effect play, simple imitation like waving, and respond to their name. Pace varies widely — these are a gentle guide, not a test. A friendly developmental check is the right next step if anything feels off.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Cognitive milestones should my newborn have reached?
Newborns don't have a cognitive milestone checklist — early thinking shows as alertness: noticing faces, calming to your voice, brief tracking by 6–8 weeks and a first social smile around 6 weeks. Watch for never being alert, no startle to sound, or no fixing on faces by 2–3 months, and raise these with your paediatrician.
Read the answer AnswerCognitive Red Flags for Developmental Referral
Refer for cognitive evaluation when concerns are persistent, multi-domain or regressive. Loss of previously acquired skills at any age is an urgent red flag. Other triggers: limited joint attention beyond 12–15 months, absent symbolic play by 24 months, poor problem-solving and a gap that widens across reviews. Pair with hearing and vision checks. In early childhood, label as global developmental delay rather than specific learning disability, which is unreliable before 6–8 years.
Read the answer AnswerWhat communication milestones should a doctor check at routine visits?
At routine visits, check communication against age-anchored milestones — social signals and babble by 9–12 months, first words by 12–16 months, two-word combinations by 24 months, sentences by 36 months. Refer on no babble/gesture by 12 months, no words by 16 months, no two-word phrases by 24 months, or any loss of skills, with parallel audiology referral.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 12-to-18-month-old have reached?
By 12–18 months most toddlers say their first words, point to share interest, follow simple one-step requests, and use gestures like waving. Understanding outpaces speech at this age. Consider a developmental check and hearing test if there are no words, no pointing, no response to name by 18 months, or any loss of skills.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 18-to-24-month-old have reached?
By 18–24 months most toddlers grow from about 20 words to 50+, start joining two words, follow simple instructions, and point to share interest. Communication has a wide normal range — steady progress matters most, and a clinician can guide you if words feel slow.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 2-year-old have reached?
By age 2, most children use 50+ words, begin joining two words together, follow simple instructions, and point to name familiar objects. They understand more than they can say. A gentle check is worth it if your child uses very few words, isn't combining words, or rarely gestures.
Read the answer AnswerCommunication milestones for your 3-to-6-month-old
By 3–6 months most babies coo, gurgle and laugh, smile back at you, turn towards voices and sounds, and take playful back-and-forth turns. Milestones are guides, not deadlines — but if your baby doesn't smile, make sounds or react to sound by 6 months, ask for a developmental and hearing check.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 3-year-old have reached?
By age three, most children speak in short three-word-plus sentences, follow two-step instructions, ask questions, and are understood by familiar adults much of the time. These are guideposts, not deadlines — every child grows at their own pace, and one missed step alone is rarely a worry.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 4-year-old have reached?
By four, most children speak in clear 4–5 word sentences, tell short stories, follow two-to-three step instructions, ask many questions, and are understood by strangers about 75% of the time. Children bloom at their own pace; a friendly speech check helps if your child is rarely understood, isn't combining words, or has lost skills.
Read the answer AnswerCommunication milestones for your 5-year-old
By five, most children speak in clear full sentences strangers understand, tell short stories, ask many questions, use correct grammar, and hold real conversations. These are signposts, not a stopwatch — a friendly screen helps if speech is unclear or sentences stay very short.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my 6-to-9-month-old have reached?
Between 6 and 9 months, expect babbling with repeated syllables, turning to voices, beginning to respond to their name, and using sounds, smiles and gestures in playful turn-taking. These are guideposts, not a strict checklist — babies vary, and warm daily talk helps most.
Read the answer AnswerCommunication milestones for your 6-year-old
By six, most children hold full conversations, tell connected stories, follow multi-step instructions, speak clearly to strangers, use mostly correct grammar, and begin linking sounds to letters. Children vary; steady progress matters most. Seek a check if speech is unclear, instructions are hard to follow, or communicating causes frustration.
Read the answer AnswerCommunication Milestones: 9-to-12-Month-Old
By 9-12 months most babies babble in long strings, respond to their name, understand "no", wave and point, and may say one or two meaningful words by 12 months. Gestures matter as much as words. These are guides, not deadlines.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Communication milestones should my newborn have reached?
Newborns (0–3 months) communicate through crying, calming to a familiar voice, brief eye contact, and — around 6–8 weeks — first social smiles and cooing. They have no words or babble yet, and that is completely normal. Respond warmly to every cry and coo to build the foundation for language.
Read the answer AnswerCommunication Red Flags That Prompt a Developmental Referral
Refer for developmental assessment when communication milestones are absent or regressing: no babble by 9 months, no gesture by 12 months, no words by 16 months, no two-word phrases by 24 months, or any loss of speech or social skills at any age. Regression, absent joint attention and parental concern warrant prompt referral, paired with audiology. Avoid a wait-and-see stance for absent milestones or skill loss.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can avoiding messy play point to?
Avoiding messy play most often reflects tactile over-responsivity within a sensory processing difference, and can be an associated feature of autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, or anxiety. It is one behavioural sign, not a diagnosis — refer for structured profiling when it is pervasive across settings, restricts diet or self-care, or co-occurs with social-communication or motor red flags.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can bedtime resistance in a child point to?
Bedtime resistance is a non-specific phenomenon, not a diagnosis. When severe, persistent and clustered with daytime concerns it can point toward autism spectrum, ADHD, anxiety or sensory processing differences — but primary sleep disorders (e.g. obstructive sleep apnoea) and medical causes must be excluded first.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can bedwetting point to?
Bedwetting is usually a benign maturational variant, but persistent or secondary enuresis can co-occur with ADHD (strongest evidence), autism, global developmental delay and adaptive-skill delay. Exclude medical causes first; refer for developmental profiling when enuresis clusters with attention, social-communication, motor or adaptive concerns.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can biting in a child point to?
Biting in young children is usually normal toddler behaviour driven by teething, oral exploration, frustration and limited language. It points to a developmental condition only when persistent beyond the toddler years, intense, across settings, or clustered with communication, sensory or regulation red flags — when it warrants structured developmental profiling.
Read the answer AnswerBreath-Holding Spells and Developmental Conditions
Breath-holding spells are usually a benign paroxysmal non-epileptic event of early childhood, not a developmental disorder. They most strongly point to iron-deficiency anaemia, and their key differential is epilepsy. They are not a recognised early sign of autism, ADHD or intellectual disability.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can a child who cannot sit still point to?
A child who cannot sit still is showing a non-specific signal. It most often raises ADHD, but the same pattern can reflect anxiety, sensory differences, sleep insufficiency, autism, learning difficulty or normal high activity. Pervasiveness across settings, age-relative expectation, functional impairment and medical mimics are the discriminators worth screening.
Read the answer AnswerWhat developmental conditions can clinginess in a child point to?
Clinginess is usually a normal sign of healthy attachment and, alone, is rarely pathological. As one feature within a wider pattern it can point to separation anxiety, language or social-communication difficulty, sensory over-responsivity, developmental delay or disrupted attachment. Look closer when it is disproportionate, persistent across settings, or co-travels with other developmental concerns.
Read the answer AnswerClothing-Tag Sensitivity: What Developmental Conditions It Can Point To
Clothing-tag sensitivity is a marker of tactile over-responsivity, not a diagnosis. Most often it is benign and transient, but when intense, pervasive and clustered with other features it can form part of autism, ADHD, sensory modulation differences, DCD or anxiety. Pattern and functional impact guide referral.
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