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Occupational Therapy
Explore explanations, everyday questions and next steps connected with occupational therapy.
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Signs & concerns
Signs of motor delay in a 12-to-18-month-old
By 12–18 months most toddlers pull to stand, cruise, take first steps and use hands to point and feed themselves. Seek a developmental check if your child isn't standing with support by 15 months, isn't walking by 18 months, seems unusually stiff or floppy, isn't using hands to grasp small things, or has lost a skill. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of motor delay in an 18-to-24-month-old
By 18 months most toddlers walk well alone, and by 24 months many run and climb. Seek a developmental check if your child isn't walking by 18 months, walks only on tiptoe persistently, falls or wobbles far more than peers, isn't climbing or kicking a ball by 24 months, shows a strong hand preference before 18 months, or has lost a movement skill once gained. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of motor delay in a 2-year-old?
By age two, most toddlers walk confidently, run a little, climb, kick a ball and scribble. Seek a developmental check if your child is not walking by 18 months, falls or wobbles far more than peers, has very stiff or floppy limbs, strongly favours one hand before 18 months, or has lost a movement skill. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of motor delay in a 3-to-6-month-old?
Between 3 and 6 months, babies build head control, rolling, reaching and pushing up in tummy time. Seek a developmental check if your baby's head still flops when lifted, hands stay tightly fisted, the body feels stiff or floppy, there's no reaching by 5–6 months, or no rolling by 6 months. These are reasons to assess early, not a diagnosis — early support works best at this age.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of motor delay in a 3-year-old?
By three, most children run, jump with both feet, climb stairs, kick a ball, scribble and stack blocks. Seek a developmental check if your child falls very often or walks unsteadily, cannot jump or climb stairs, isn't scribbling or holding a crayon, seems unusually stiff or floppy, or has lost a skill once had. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because motor support works best when started young.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Motor Delay in a 4-Year-Old
By four, most children run smoothly, climb stairs with alternating feet, hop on one foot, throw overhand, and use a crayon, fork and scissors. Seek a developmental check if your child falls often, tires quickly, avoids running or climbing, can't hold a crayon or dress themselves, or shows stiff, floppy or one-sided movement. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of motor delay in a 5-year-old?
By five, most children can hop on one foot, climb stairs one foot per step, catch a ball, and use crayons and scissors. Seek a developmental check if your child falls often or is very clumsy, cannot hop or balance, struggles to hold a pencil or use scissors, tires quickly, or needs lots of help to dress and feed. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Motor Delay in a 6-to-9-Month-Old
By 6–9 months most babies gain head control, roll both ways, sit with growing steadiness and reach for toys. Seek a developmental check if your baby is persistently floppy or stiff, isn't rolling by 6 months, isn't sitting with support by 9 months, strongly favours one side, doesn't reach for objects, or loses a skill. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat Are the Signs of Motor Delay in a 6-Year-Old?
By six, most children run, hop, balance, draw and dress with growing ease. Watch for frequent tripping or clumsiness, trouble hopping or catching a ball, an awkward or tiring pencil grip, difficulty cutting or copying shapes, or needing lots of help to dress. These are reasons to seek a gentle developmental check — not a diagnosis — because targeted support at this age works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Motor Delay in a 9-to-12-Month-Old
Between 9 and 12 months most babies sit without support, find a way to move across the floor, pull up to stand, take weight on their legs, and pick up small things with a thumb-and-finger pinch. Seek a developmental check if your baby isn't sitting, has no way of getting around, won't bear weight on the legs, strongly favours one side, has very stiff or very floppy limbs, or has lost a skill. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because support at this age works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of motor delay in a newborn?
In the newborn weeks, movement is reflex-led and jerky — that is normal, not delay. Clinicians watch for very floppy or very stiff muscle tone, a baby who barely moves, strong one-sidedness, weak reflexes, or feeding and breathing difficulty. These are reasons for a calm check, never a diagnosis, and early support works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Delay in a 12-to-18-Month-Old
At 12–18 months, most differences in how a toddler responds to sound, touch, movement or texture are simply temperament. Seek a calm developmental check if your child consistently over-reacts or under-reacts to everyday sensations, if it gets in the way of play, feeding or sleep, or if it travels with delays in babbling, words, pointing or responding to their name. Hearing and vision should also be checked. This is a reason to assess early, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Delay in an 18-to-24-Month-Old
At 18–24 months, strong sensory likes and dislikes are usually normal as your toddler learns to make sense of sound, touch and movement. Seek a developmental check when reactions are so strong or so absent that they disrupt eating, sleeping, dressing, playing or being with people, or when they come with delays in talking, walking or connecting. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Delay in a 2-Year-Old
At two, strong sensory preferences and big reactions to sounds, textures, lights or movement are common and usually typical. Seek a developmental check when responses are so intense or persistent that they disrupt eating, dressing, sleep, play or being with people most days, or when they come with delays in talking, social connection or movement. Arrange a hearing and vision check too. These are reasons to look early — not a diagnosis — because early support works beautifully at this age.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of sensory delay in a 3-to-6-month-old
There is no formal sensory delay diagnosis at 3–6 months, and most differences in how babies respond to sights, sounds and touch are typical at this age. Reassuring signs include turning towards voices, following faces and objects with the eyes, and reaching for things. A gentle developmental check is wise if your baby never startles to loud sounds, does not follow faces or objects, or strongly resists most touch — this is a reason to observe early, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of sensory delay in a 3-year-old
Big reactions to sounds, textures, touch or movement are common and often typical at three, as children are still learning to manage sensory information. Seek a developmental check if your child consistently avoids or craves certain sensations, is very distressed by everyday sounds or textures, or if sensory differences get in the way of eating, dressing, playing or being with others — especially alongside delays in talking or play. These are reasons to assess early, not a diagnosis, because early sensory support works best.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Differences in a 4-Year-Old
By four, most children manage everyday sensations with growing ease. Signs worth a supportive review include strong distress over sounds, textures, lights or grooming; constant seeking of spinning or crashing; clumsiness or avoiding active play; and a very texture-limited diet. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early occupational-therapy support works well at this age.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Processing Differences in a 5-Year-Old
By five, most children manage everyday sights, sounds, textures and movement well enough to join in play, dressing, meals and class. Look for a developmental check when your child is consistently overwhelmed or under-responsive — covering ears at ordinary sounds, refusing many food textures, distress over clothing tags, or constantly seeking crashing and spinning — in ways that disrupt daily life. This isn't a diagnosis; it means a clinician's gentle observation is wise now, because support at this age works well.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of sensory delay in a 6-to-9-month-old?
Between 6 and 9 months, babies explore through looking, listening, touching, reaching and mouthing. Seek a gentle developmental check if your baby doesn't turn to sounds, doesn't follow objects or faces with their eyes, doesn't reach for or mouth toys, is very distressed by ordinary touch, or feels unusually floppy or stiff. A hearing and vision review is often a sensible first step. None of this is a diagnosis — it means early support, which works beautifully at this age, is worth exploring now.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of sensory delay in a 6-year-old
By six, most children manage everyday sensory experiences well enough to learn and play. A sensory processing difference is worth a clinician's look when strong reactions to sound, texture, movement or touch are frequent, intense and genuinely disrupt school, friendships, eating, dressing or sleep. Watch for over-responsiveness (covering ears, distress at clothing tags), under-responsiveness (not noticing being called or hurt) or sensory-seeking (constant crashing, chewing, craving movement). This is a reason to assess early — not a diagnosis — because support at this age works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Sensory Delay in a 9-to-12-Month-Old
At 9–12 months, babies explore through sound, sight, touch and movement, and there is a wide healthy range of how strongly each reacts. Seek a developmental check if your baby consistently does not respond to sounds or their name, is unusually distressed or unbothered by touch and movement, or is not reaching for and exploring objects. Any hearing or vision concern deserves a prompt check. This is a reason to assess early — not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of sensory delay in a newborn?
In the newborn period there is no meaningful diagnosis of sensory delay — the senses are still maturing. What matters is that basic responses are present: startling to loud sound, fixing briefly on a face, turning to light, and settling to touch. Seek a prompt paediatric check if your baby never startles to sound (or had an unclear hearing screen), doesn't fix on a face or follow light by 6–8 weeks, is very floppy or stiff, or won't settle to touch. This is a reason to check early, not a label.
Read the answer AnswerCerebral Palsy red flags warranting referral in young children
Refer for cerebral palsy assessment when a persistent motor abnormality — delayed gross-motor milestones, abnormal tone, asymmetry, or atypical posture — does not resolve. Act most urgently on early hand preference before 12 months, loss of motor skills, or a high-risk perinatal history with abnormal neurological signs.
Read the answer AnswerSensory Processing Red Flags for Referral in Young Children
Refer a young child for sensory processing assessment when over- or under-responsivity, sensory seeking, or motor-planning and regulatory difficulties are disproportionate, persist across settings, and disrupt feeding, sleep, dressing, play or participation — and are not better explained by autism, ADHD, or hearing/visual impairment.
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