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Speech Therapy
Explore explanations, everyday questions and next steps connected with speech therapy.
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Signs & concerns
When a child isn't yet understanding questions
If a child isn't yet understanding questions, support them daily with short language, plenty of waiting time, gestures and choices, ideally in the language they hear most at home. This is not a diagnosis — many children catch up at their own pace. Seek a gentle developmental check if comprehension is clearly behind same-age peers, the child doesn't respond to their name, or has lost words once used, because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't showing receptive language
Receptive language — understanding words and instructions — grows before speech. If a child isn't responding to their name, following simple requests, or looking when you point at the expected age, arrange a calm developmental check and a hearing test rather than waiting. This is not a diagnosis; it means early, playful support can begin sooner, which works best. Rich face-to-face talk and ruling out hearing concerns are the two most powerful first steps.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to Do If a Child Isn't Showing Sentence Repetition Yet
If a child isn't yet repeating short sentences, that alone is rarely alarming — the skill grows gradually with memory, listening and spoken language. Keep playing and talking, and arrange a calm developmental check if it appears alongside few words, trouble following instructions, or hearing concerns. This is reason to assess early, not a diagnosis, because support at this stage works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't yet showing social communication
If a child in your care isn't yet showing social communication — eye contact, shared smiles, gestures, pointing or back-and-forth — stay calm, build connection through everyday play at the child's eye level, and arrange a gentle developmental check. This is not a diagnosis; it means a clinician's friendly look is wise now, because early support works best at this stage.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't yet making sounds: a caregiver's guide
Sound production — cooing, babbling and early consonants — builds gradually across the first two years. If a child isn't yet making sounds, keep talking, singing and responding warmly, watch how they react to your voice, and arrange a developmental check if babble is absent, fading, or paired with no response to sound. A hearing check is a sensible early step. This is reason to look early, not a diagnosis — early support works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerWhen a child isn't yet showing spatial concepts
Spatial words like in, on, under and between develop gradually between roughly 2 and 5 years, with harder ones mastered nearer 4–5. If these words are the only gap and everything else is growing, play and rich everyday talk are usually all that's needed. Seek a developmental check if the child follows few directions of any kind, has very limited vocabulary, or seems behind across several areas — this means a clinician's gentle look is wise, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhen a child's speech isn't yet clear: a caregiver's guide
Some unclear speech is normal as children learn sounds: a familiar listener understands about half a 2-year-old's speech, three-quarters at 3, and most strangers understand easily by 4. Caregivers help by talking warmly, facing the child, giving time, modelling correct words and reading together. Arrange a speech and hearing check if a child is much harder to understand than peers, has few or stalling words, or gets frustrated — this is early support, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to Do When a Child Isn't Yet Communicating
If a child in your care isn't yet babbling, gesturing, responding to their name or using expected words, the best step is a calm developmental check rather than waiting. Communication grows in many ways before speech — eye contact, pointing, shared smiles — so observe these closely and share what you see with a qualified clinician. Early, play-based support works wonderfully, and seeking it is never an over-reaction.
Read the answer AnswerCaregiver guidance: child not yet showing temporal concepts
Temporal concepts — time words like now, later, before, after, today and tomorrow — develop gradually and well after first words. If a child isn't using them yet, weave time language into daily routines and allow time. Seek a developmental check only if there are wider gaps in understanding language, following directions or sequencing daily steps — that broader pattern, not time words alone, is what's worth a clinician's review.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't yet showing verbal understanding
If a child isn't yet showing verbal understanding — turning to their name, following a simple instruction, or recognising familiar words — pair calm everyday talk with a developmental check and a hearing review. Comprehension usually grows before speech, so understanding matters even when words are few. This isn't a diagnosis; it means early, gentle support is wise, because help at this age works well.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't yet showing vocabulary
If a child in your care isn't yet showing vocabulary, keep talking, naming and reading every day, and arrange a gentle developmental check rather than waiting. Watch for few or no clear words by 16–18 months, little pointing or sharing, not responding to their name, limited back-and-forth, or loss of words. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhen do pre-literacy skills develop in children?
Cognitive communication and pre-literacy skills build between ages 3 and 7 — from enjoying stories and naming pictures at 3, to hearing rhymes and recognising letters by 5–6. These are gentle expectations, not deadlines; seek a friendly screen if a child shows little book interest or can't hear rhymes by 4–5.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Be Expressively Communicating?
Expressive communication grows fastest between ages 3 and 7: simple sentences and family understanding by 3, short stories by 4, clear grammatical speech by 5–6. There's a wide normal range — steady progress matters most. A screen helps if a child isn't combining words by 3 or is hard for strangers to understand by 4.
Read the answer AnswerReceptive Communication Milestones by Age
Receptive communication grows early: by age 3–4 most children follow two-step instructions and answer simple questions, and by 5–6 understand longer conversation and stories. Children develop at their own pace, so one late skill rarely alarms — but a steady pattern of not understanding warrants a gentle developmental check, starting with hearing.
Read the answer AnswerWhen Should a Child Understand and Use Language?
Receptive (understanding) and expressive (using) language develop together from age 3 to 7 — moving from short phrases to clear, conversational sentences. Understanding usually runs slightly ahead of speaking, which is normal. A gentle screen helps if a child by 4 rarely follows instructions or is hard to understand.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Develop Social Language?
Social language blossoms most between ages 3 and 7 — from short sentences and turn-taking at 3 to storytelling, conversation and friendship-building by 6–7. The normal range is wide, so watch for steady progress, and seek a friendly developmental check if conversation or connection seems persistently behind.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Does a Child Develop Descriptive Language?
Descriptive language — using colours, sizes, shapes and feeling words to describe things — typically develops between ages 3 and 5. By 3 children use simple describing words, by 4 they describe events in short sentences, and by 5 they give richer descriptions and retell experiences. If a child rarely describes things by age 4–5, a friendly speech-therapy check is a wise next step.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Use Grammar?
Grammar develops between ages 3 and 7: short phrases and plurals around 3, longer sentences and pronouns by 4, most everyday grammar by 5, and irregular forms and complex sentences by 6–7. Errors like "runned" are a normal, healthy part of learning the rules.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Develop Language Structure?
Children build language structure — joining words into grammatically richer sentences — between roughly 3 and 7 years: three-word phrases by 3, connected sentences by 4, ordered short stories by 5–6, and complex sentences by 7. Seek a friendly check if a child past 4–5 still speaks mainly in single words or muddled order.
Read the answer AnswerWhen should a child develop non-verbal communication?
Non-verbal communication develops from birth: pointing, waving and following gaze by 9–12 months, gesture-with-eye-contact by 18–24 months, and reading expressions and sharing attention by 3–7 years. These are guides, not deadlines — seek a check if pointing, eye contact or gesture seem limited by 12–24 months, or if skills are lost.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Identify Objects?
Children usually point to or fetch named objects between 12 and 18 months, and by 2 to 3 years can identify many everyday objects by name and by use. This receptive language skill grows richest between 3 and 7 years. A gentle developmental and hearing check is wise if a child rarely responds to familiar object names by around 18 months, or struggles by 2.5 to 3 years.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child's Pronunciation Be Clear?
By age 3 a child's speech is understood by familiar listeners about 75% of the time; by 4 most strangers understand them; by 5 speech is largely clear, with a few late sounds (r, s, th) settling by 6–7. Some sound errors are a normal part of learning.
Read the answer AnswerAt What Age Should a Child Start Asking Questions?
Children usually start asking simple questions between 2 and 3 years, reach the classic "why" stage at 3 to 4 years, and ask reasoning and clarifying questions by 5 to 6 years. Question-asking reflects growing expressive language and curiosity, and varies a little with each child.
Read the answer AnswerAt what age should a child understand questions?
Children understand simple what/where/who questions by about age 3, why/how questions by 4–5, and when/if questions by 6–7. Question comprehension grows gradually through conversation and shared reading. If a child stays a year or more behind, a speech screen helps.
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