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Behaviour Therapy
Explore explanations, everyday questions and next steps connected with behaviour therapy.
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Understanding
Which ICF functioning domains does ADHD affect in early childhood?
In early childhood, ADHD (ICD-11 6A05) maps across ICF Body Functions (attention b140, energy/drive b130, emerging executive and emotional functions), Activities & Participation (applying knowledge, routines, communication, interpersonal interaction, self-care, early preschool learning), and Environmental & Personal contextual factors. ICF reframes ADHD as a functioning profile rather than a deficit list — most useful before a formal label is clinically appropriate.
Read the answer AnswerICF Functioning Domains in Conduct-Dissocial Disorder (Early Childhood)
Through the ICF, Conduct-Dissocial Disorder (ICD-11 6C91) affects mainly Activities and Participation (interpersonal interactions and relationships, learning, general tasks) and Body Functions (emotional regulation, impulse control, attention), with Environmental Factors as key moderators. The label is applied cautiously in very young children; pervasive patterns warrant developmental assessment.
Read the answer AnswerWhich ICF functioning domains does Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties affect in early childhood?
In early childhood, Emotional & Behavioural Difficulties affect functioning across several ICF domains: Body Functions (emotional, temperament and attention functions), Activities & Participation (interpersonal interactions, learning, play and self-care), and Environmental Factors (caregiver, family and early-years settings). The ICF frames EBD as functioning-in-context, not a fixed deficit.
Read the answer AnswerICF Functioning Domains Affected by ODD in Early Childhood
Under the ICF, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ICD-11 6C90) in early childhood mainly affects Activities and Participation — interpersonal interactions, relationships, play and pre-school engagement — alongside Body Functions of emotional and temperament regulation, all strongly shaped by Environmental Factors such as family and pre-school context.
Read the answer AnswerWhich ICF functioning domains does Self-Regulation Difficulties affect in early childhood?
Self-regulation difficulties in early childhood map across the ICF onto Body Functions (b125 dispositions, b140 attention, b152 emotional functions, sensory processing) and Activities & Participation (d240 handling demands, d250 managing behaviour, daily routine, interpersonal interactions, self-care), with Environmental and Personal factors shaping severity. The ICF lens reframes dysregulation as a child–environment interaction.
Read the answer AnswerWhy is emotional development important for my child?
Emotional development is how your child learns to recognise feelings, manage big emotions, bounce back from upsets and connect with others. It matters because these skills are the foundation for friendships, confidence, learning and lifelong wellbeing — a child who feels safe and understood is free to explore and grow. Emotional growth is gradual and uneven, and your warm, predictable presence is the single biggest support. Most children find their feet with time and loving response, but a gentle review helps if big feelings seem overwhelming or are affecting sleep, play or connection.
Read the answer AnswerWhy is social development important for my child?
Social development is how a child learns to connect with people — sharing attention, taking turns, reading feelings and forming friendships. It matters because these skills are the foundation for language, learning, emotional wellbeing and lifelong confidence. The WHO recognises interpersonal interactions as a core area of how every person functions in daily life, which is why social growth is a developmental cornerstone, not an optional extra.
Read the answerSigns & concerns
Can you tell if a 6–9-month-old has ADHD?
At six to nine months, ADHD cannot be diagnosed — a baby's attention and activity are still developing normally. Clinicians don't evaluate for ADHD before about age 4. Track general milestones instead, and have any genuine developmental delay checked early.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child in your care isn't yet showing aggression control
Aggression control is a skill that grows slowly, often into the early school years, so a child not yet showing it is common and workable. Stay calm, keep everyone safe, name the feeling and coach a do-instead. Seek a developmental check if aggression is frequent, intense, injures self or others, or travels with delays in talking, settling or connecting — this points to early support, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhen a child isn't yet showing attention to others
If a child in your care isn't yet showing attention to others — eye contact, turning to people, shared smiles or following your gaze — offer warm, face-to-face play daily and arrange a calm developmental check rather than waiting. Get to their eye level, follow their interest and give time to respond. This is not a diagnosis; early observation simply helps support arrive when it works best.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't yet showing clear behaviour patterns
A child's behaviour patterns — habits of reacting, settling and responding to routine — build gradually and vary with age, so not yet showing clear patterns is often typical development at its own pace. Seek a calm developmental check if it comes with hard-to-soothe distress, unpredictable everyday routines, big reactions to small changes, or delays in communication, play or connection. This is a reason to observe early, not a diagnosis, because gentle support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't showing behavioural regulation
Behavioural regulation grows gradually and is built with a caregiver first through co-regulation. If a child melts down often, struggles to recover or cannot be soothed, respond with calm modelling, predictable routines and gentle limit-setting rather than pressure. Seek a developmental check if dysregulation is intense for the child's age, gets in the way of play or learning, or travels with other delays. This is supportive observation, not a diagnosis — early help works well.
Read the answer AnswerMy child isn't showing change resistance yet — what should I do?
A child who is not yet showing change resistance is usually simply easy-going and adaptable — often a strength, not a concern. The skill of managing change develops gradually. Seek a friendly developmental check only if calm flexibility sits alongside other signs, such as little response to name or voice, limited eye contact or shared smiling, few words for their age, or seeming unaware rather than relaxed. This is observation, not diagnosis — early checks help most.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't yet making choices: a caregiver's guide
Decision-making (ICF b152) grows gradually through early childhood, built on understanding, attention and confidence. The best support a caregiver can give is many small, low-stakes choices daily — "red cup or blue cup?" — honouring each choice so the child sees it matters. This is a skill to nurture, not a worry in itself. Seek a gentle developmental check if a child cannot choose between two simple options well past the age peers can, freezes or is overwhelmed by choices, shows no growth over time, or this comes alongside delays in language, play or understanding. Early, playful support works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't yet showing echolalia
Echolalia — repeating words or phrases — is often a healthy stepping-stone into language, so its absence alone is rarely a worry. As a caregiver, keep talking, singing and narrating richly, and watch the whole communication picture: connection, understanding, gestures and hearing. If several of these seem delayed together, arrange a gentle developmental check — this is an early opportunity, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't yet showing emotional awareness
Emotional awareness grows slowly through warm everyday interactions, so a child not yet showing it is often simply still developing. Caregivers help most by naming feelings out loud, staying calm during big emotions, and modelling co-regulation. Seek a gentle developmental check if a child consistently struggles to notice, name or respond to feelings alongside delays in talking, play or social connection. This is observation, not diagnosis — early support works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerHelping a child build emotional control
Emotional control develops slowly across early childhood — big meltdowns and quick frustration are common, especially under five. As a caregiver, co-regulate first: stay calm, name the feeling, and help the child settle. Seek a developmental check if the difficulty is frequent, intense, lasts well beyond a child's peers, or gets in the way of friendships, play or learning. This is not a diagnosis — early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat to do if a child isn't showing emotional expression
Emotional expression grows through warm, repeated face-to-face moments and develops on each child's own timeline. If a child in your care shows few facial responses, is hard to read emotionally, shares little joy, or this travels with limited eye contact, words or response to name, keep offering warm interaction and arrange a developmental check. This is a reason to observe early — not a diagnosis — because early, play-based support works best.
Read the answer AnswerSupporting a child who isn't yet showing emotional regulation
Emotional regulation develops slowly, and young children need plenty of adult help before they can self-soothe. As a caregiver, co-regulate first: stay calm, name the feeling, offer comfort and predictable routines. Seek a developmental check if meltdowns are very frequent, extreme, hard to recover from, or travel with delays in language, play or social connection — a reason to look early, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerWhen a child isn't yet showing emotional responsiveness
Emotional responsiveness — sharing smiles, seeking comfort, mirroring mood — grows steadily and varies from child to child. If a child in your care isn't yet responding as expected, keep offering warm, predictable connection daily and arrange a gentle developmental check so a clinician can see the full picture. This is not a diagnosis — it means early, supportive observation is wise, because connection-building works best when started early.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't yet showing energy regulation
Energy regulation — gearing up, settling down and pacing effort — matures gradually and varies hugely between children. If a child isn't yet managing it smoothly, that is usually a developing skill, not a problem, and steady routines, rest and movement help. Seek a developmental check if the difficulty is persistent, disrupts play, eating or sleep, or comes with delays in talking, attention or motor skills. This is reason to observe early, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't showing externalizing behaviours yet
A child who is not yet showing externalizing behaviours — hitting, tantrums, defiance — is often regulating feelings well, which is a strength to keep nurturing through naming feelings, calm limits and comfort. Stay observant for the quieter pattern of feelings turning inward — withdrawal, clinginess, unexplained tummy aches or sleep trouble, or a child who never protests — and seek a gentle developmental check if you notice these. This is reassurance and monitoring, not a diagnosis.
Read the answer AnswerIf a child isn't yet recognising faces: a caregiver's guide
Recognising familiar faces unfolds gradually over a baby's first months, with warm recognition of a regular caregiver usually firming up by around 2–4 months. Seek a calm developmental check if a baby doesn't make eye contact, doesn't brighten or settle with a familiar person, doesn't track faces, or seems not to notice people — especially if there are vision concerns. This is not a diagnosis; it means early observation is wise, because support works best early.
Read the answer AnswerBuilding Frustration Tolerance in a Child You Care For
Frustration tolerance is a skill that grows slowly across early childhood, not something a young child simply has. Big feelings and meltdowns over setbacks are normal in toddlers and preschoolers; the caregiver's job is to co-regulate — lend calm — while coaching the skill in small everyday moments. Seek a calm developmental check if frustration is very intense, daily, hard to recover from, or travels with delays in talking, attention, play or connection. This is guidance, not a diagnosis.
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