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Cognitive
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Signs & concerns
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Signs & concerns
Signs of cognitive delay in an 18-to-24-month-old
By 18–24 months, possible signs of cognitive delay include play that stays very simple (no pretend play), little problem-solving, not following simple requests, few words and no pointing, less curiosity, or a plateau or loss of skills. These are reasons for an early developmental check — not a diagnosis. Hearing is always checked first, and early support at this age works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of cognitive delay in a 2-year-old
By two, most toddlers follow simple instructions, point to show interest, pretend-play and solve simple puzzles. Gentle signs worth a developmental check include not following one-step requests, little pretend play, not pointing, struggling to find a hidden toy, or losing skills once had. These are reasons to assess early, not a diagnosis — early support works best at this age.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of Cognitive Delay in a 3-to-6-Month-Old
Between 3 and 6 months, babies vary widely, so one later milestone rarely signals concern. Gentle reasons for a developmental check include not tracking faces or toys with the eyes, not reaching for objects or bringing hands to mouth, not turning to sounds or voices, rarely smiling or cooing, or feeling unusually floppy or stiff. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of cognitive delay in a 3-year-old?
By three, children develop at very different paces, so many "late" skills are simply on the later side of typical. Seek a developmental check if your child is not using short 2–3 word sentences, not following simple two-step instructions, not playing pretend, not matching or sorting toys, not asking questions, or has lost skills once gained. These are reasons to assess early — not a diagnosis — because early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of cognitive delay in a 4-year-old?
By four, most children ask lots of questions, play make-believe, follow two-step instructions and name a few colours or shapes. Possible signs of cognitive delay include trouble following simple directions, little pretend play, difficulty with everyday problem-solving, or understanding that lags well behind playmates — especially when several appear together. This is a reason to seek a developmental check, not a diagnosis, because support at this age works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of cognitive delay in a 5-year-old?
At five, cognitive development shows through language, play, memory and problem-solving. Possible signs of delay include trouble following two-step instructions, very limited speech, difficulty counting or naming colours, little pretend play, or learning much more slowly than peers. One sign alone is rarely a worry — it is several areas together, or a clear gap from peers, that makes an early developmental check wise. This is a reason to assess early, not a diagnosis, because support at this age works beautifully.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of cognitive delay in a 6-to-9-month-old
At 6–9 months, babies develop on very different timelines, so cognitive delay rarely shows as one sign — it shows as patterns worth watching over weeks: little curiosity about objects, not tracking or searching for things, quiet social connection, faint babble, or a skill that seems to fade. None of this is a diagnosis; it simply means a clinician's gentle look is wise, because early support works beautifully at this age.
Read the answer AnswerSigns of cognitive delay in a 6-year-old
By six, most children follow two-step instructions, count, recognise letters and manage basic self-care. Signs worth a developmental check include trouble understanding everyday instructions, learning much more slowly than peers, difficulty with early academics or problem-solving, needing far more help with self-care, or play and language that seem clearly younger than their age. This is a reason to assess calmly — not a diagnosis — because support at this age works well.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of cognitive delay in a 9-to-12-month-old?
Between 9 and 12 months, babies learn by mouthing, banging, dropping and watching — that curiosity is cognition. Seek a developmental check if your baby shows little interest in exploring, doesn't search for a hidden toy, doesn't respond to their name, makes little eye contact, or isn't babbling or gesturing by around 12 months, or has lost a skill. These are reasons to assess early, not a diagnosis — early support works best.
Read the answer AnswerWhat are the signs of cognitive delay in a newborn?
In the first three months, cognitive delay cannot be meaningfully identified — a newborn's learning is only just beginning, and there is no reliable cognitive-signs list at this age. Instead, watch the building blocks: feeding, alertness, response to sound, looking at faces, early smiling and muscle tone. If anything feels off, a calm general developmental check is the right step — not a cognitive diagnosis. Cognitive assessment becomes meaningful through milestones across the first and second years.
Read the answer AnswerADHD red flags warranting referral in young children
Refer a young child when inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity are age-inappropriate, persistent (≥6 months), pervasive across ≥2 settings and functionally impairing — and not better explained by hearing loss, sleep disorder, anxiety or global delay. A confident ADHD label below ~4–5 years is rarely appropriate; assess and monitor.
Read the answer AnswerDyscalculia: clinical red flags for referral in young children
Refer when number difficulties are persistent, disproportionate to age and ability, and present across settings — weak subitising and magnitude comparison, unstable counting, persistent finger-counting, no fact retrieval, plus early maths anxiety. Formal dyscalculia is specified from ~7 years; in younger children monitor precursors and refer early when the gap is marked.
Read the answer AnswerDysgraphia red flags warranting referral in young children
Refer when a young child's handwriting and written output are persistently and disproportionately impaired relative to age, schooling and ability — illegibility, awkward grip, fatigue, and a marked oral-versus-written gap — and not explained by visual, motor or instructional causes. A firm dysgraphia label waits until adequate formal instruction (~age 6–8).
Read the answer AnswerDyslexia red flags warranting referral in young children
Refer when phonological and pre-literacy markers — poor rhyme and sound awareness, slow letter learning, word-retrieval difficulty, plus family history — persist despite adequate instruction and are discrepant with cognition. Rule out hearing, vision and global delay; formal dyslexia is reliably determined only from around age 6–8.
Read the answer AnswerClinical red flags for Intellectual Disability referral
Refer for assessment when developmental delay is global — spanning cognition, language, motor and adaptive domains — rather than isolated, and persistent across settings. Act most urgently on loss of acquired skills, persistent language milestone failure, adaptive shortfall, dysmorphism or genetic risk, and parental concern. An intellectual disability label is not assigned in early years; refer on the delay pattern.
Read the answer AnswerClinical Red Flags for School Readiness Gap
Refer a 4–6-year-old when delays persist across language, pre-academic, motor, attention or self-regulation domains, are out of step with peers, and aren't explained by hearing or sensory deficit. A cross-domain, cross-setting pattern — not a single weak skill — is the referral threshold, especially when parents or preschool staff are concerned.
Read the answer AnswerClinical red flags for Specific Learning Disability referral
Specific Learning Disability is not formally diagnosed before about age 6–8. In younger children, refer when pre-literacy, language and numeracy precursors lag persistently despite adequate instruction, with intact hearing and vision — especially with a family history of learning difficulty.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive difficulties might a teacher notice in a young child?
A teacher may notice a young child who struggles to follow multi-step instructions, takes longer to grasp and retain new ideas, has trouble paying attention or finishing tasks, and finds problem-solving or pretend play harder than peers. A persistent pattern across weeks and settings — not a one-off — is what warrants a supportive developmental check.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 12-to-18-month-old reach?
Between 12 and 18 months, most toddlers explore objects with purpose, find hidden toys, follow simple one-step requests, recognise named people and objects, imitate actions, and begin simple pretend play. Children vary widely, so steady progress and no loss of skills matter more than exact timing.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 18-to-24-month-old reach?
By 18–24 months most toddlers begin pretend play, copy adults, find hidden objects, sort and match simple things, follow one-step instructions and explore cause and effect. These are guideposts, not a strict checklist — children vary. If several skills are clearly behind, or any are lost, a gentle developmental check brings clarity.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 2-year-old reach?
By two, most toddlers begin to pretend, solve simple problems, sort shapes and colours, follow two-step instructions, and remember where things belong. These are flexible guideposts, not a pass-fail test — children reach them across a wide age range. Consider a gentle check if there's no pretend play, no response to simple instructions, any loss of skills, or a persistent parental concern.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 3-to-6-month-old reach?
From 3 to 6 months, cognitive milestones appear as curiosity and connection: tracking moving objects with the eyes, recognising familiar faces and voices, mouthing and grasping to explore, and showing delight at cause-and-effect like shaking a rattle. These are flexible guideposts, not deadlines.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 3-year-old reach?
Around age 3, most children complete simple puzzles, sort by shape and colour, grasp counting to two or three, follow two-step instructions, recall parts of stories and enjoy rich pretend play. These are guides, not tests — steady month-on-month growth matters most, and a gentle developmental check helps if pretend play, instructions or interest in toys seem very limited.
Read the answer AnswerWhat cognitive milestones should a 4-year-old reach?
Most four-year-olds count a few objects, name some colours, recall parts of a story, follow two- or three-step instructions, and enjoy rich pretend play. Milestones are a guide across the whole year, not a pass-or-fail test. If several skills seem well behind, a gentle developmental check is a kind next step.
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